The distinction between muffins and cupcakes is not based on their constituents, but rather on their preparation methodologies.
Cupcakes are diminutive versions of pastries, while muffins are prepared using the “muffin method,” regardless of their flavor.
This technique involves the blending of the moist and dry ingredients in separate containers, which are subsequently combined.
Additionally, muffins contain a higher proportion of whole cereals, less sugar, and more fruit. They can also be prepared with savory ingredients, such as cheese and vegetables.